Hydro-electric Power Station:Arrangement & Working

Definition: A power generating station which utilises the potential energy of water at a high level for the generation of electrical energy by converting potential energy to kinetic energy is known as a hydro-electric power station.

Arrangement of Hydro-electric Power Station & Working:

Hydro-electric Power Plant Consists of basic sections like:
1) Dam
2) Reservoir
3) Control Gate
4) Penstock
5) Turbines and generators
6) Power House

Dam:- A dam is a barrier which reserves the water and creates water head.reserved water will be at some height this height results in potential energy (E=mgh)of water.where h is height of the water that depends on height & storage capacity of the dam.

Reservoir:-The part of river where water will be stored is called Reservoir.

Control Gate&Penstock:Penstocks are generally made of reinforced concrete or steel to transport water from reservoir to turbine with less friction losses.control gate is used to control over the water travelling in penstock.

Turbines and generators:-Water turbines are used to convert the energy of falling water into mechanical energy.generators to produce electrical energy from rotating shaft of turbine.

Power House:-At the power house generated power from alternator will be stepped up and supplied to transmission lines.

Typical Hydro Electric Power Station Block Diagram

Choice of Site for Hydro-electric Power Stations:-

The following points should be taken into account while selecting the site for a hydro-electric power station :

(i) Availability of water & Storage of water. Since the primary requirement of a hydro-electric power station is the availability of huge quantity of water, such plants should be built at a place (e.g., river,canal) where adequate water is available at a good head not only the amount of water,storage of water at heights also important to convert potential energy of water into kinetic energy then into electrical energy.

(ii) Capital Cost and type of land. The land for the construction of the hydel power plant should be adequate to withstand the weight of heavy electrical equipment like alternators,turbines,transformers and cost of the land should be less to get profits.

(iii) Transportation facilities. The place selected for a hydro-electric (hydel power)plant should be accessible by rail and road so that necessary equipment and machinery could be easily transported.

Ideal choice of Hydro-electric Power Stations is a site at  river in hilly areas where dam can be conveniently built and large reservoirs can be obtained.

Advantages
(i) It requires no fuel as water is used for the generation of electrical energy.
(ii) It is quite neat and clean as no smoke or ash is produced.
(iii) It requires very small running charges because water is the source of energy which is available free of cost.
(iv) It is comparatively simple in construction and requires less maintenance.
(v) It does not require a long starting time like a steam power station. In fact, such plants can be put into service instantly.
(vi) It is robust and has a longer life.
(vii) Such plants serve many purposes. In addition to the generation of electrical energy, they also help in irrigation and controlling floods.
(viii) Although such plants require the attention of highly skilled persons at the time of construction, yet for operation, a few experienced persons may do the job well.
Disadvantages
(i) It involves high capital cost due to construction of dam.
(ii) There is uncertainty about the availability of huge amount of water due to dependence on weather conditions.
(iii) Skilled and experienced hands are required to build the plant.
(iv) It requires high cost of transmission lines as the plant is located in hilly areas which are quite away from the consumers.


Reference:Google Books,Hydro Power Plant PDFs Download

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Thermal Power Generation Plant or Steam Power Station

Thermal Power Generation Plant or Steam Power Station :

Thermal power generation plant or Steam Power Station is the most conventional source of electric power over the world.We can define thermal power station as "A generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion into electrical energy through steam as intermediate energy form is known as a steam power station."

Theory of Thermal Power Station:- 

A steam power station basically works on the Rankine cycle. Steam is produced in the boiler by utilizing the heat of coal combustion. The steam is then expanded in the prime mover (i.e., steam turbine) and is condensed in a condenser to be fed into the boiler again. The steam turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy. This type of power station is suitable where coal and water are available in abundance and a large amount of electric power is to be generated.

Schematic Arrangement of Steam Power Station:-

Although steam power station simply involves the conversion of heat of coal combustion into electrical energy, yet it embraces many arrangements for proper working and efficiency.The bituminous coal is used as boiler fuel has volatile matter from 8 to 33 % and ash content 5 to 16 %. To increase the thermal efficiency, the coal is used in the boiler in powder form.

The thermal efficiency of a modern steam power station is about 30%. It means that if 100 calories of heat is supplied by coal combustion, then mechanical energy equivalent of 30 calories will be available at the turbine shaft and rest is lost. It may be important to note that more than 50% of total heat of combustion is lost in the condenser. The other heat losses occur in flue gases, radiation,ash etc.

Schematic Diagram Of Steam Power Station (Thermal Station):-

For Examination Purpose Draw This 

How Thermal Power Generation Plant Will Work?

1. Coal and ash handling plant(Numbers 1,2,8):- 

The coal is transported to the power station by road or rail and is stored in the coal storage plant. Storage of coal is primarily a matter of protection against coal strikes, failure of transportation system and general coal shortages. From the coal storage plant, coal is delivered to the coal handling plant where it is pulverized (i.e., crushed into small pieces) in order to increase its surface exposure, thus promoting rapid combustion without using large quantity of excess air. The pulverized coal is fed to the boiler by belt conveyors. The coal is burnt in the boiler and the ash produced after the complete combustion of coal is removed to the ash handling plant and then delivered to the ash storage plant for disposal. The removal of the ash from the boiler furnace is necessary for proper burning of coal.

2.Boiler(Number 3):- 

The heat of combustion of coal in the boiler is utilised to convert water into steam at high temperature and pressure. The flue gases from the boiler make their journey through superheater, economiser, air pre-heater and are finally exhausted to atmosphere through the chimney.

(ii) Superheater.

The steam produced in the boiler is wet and is passed through a superheater where it is dried and superheated (i.e., steam temperature increased above that of boiling point of water) by the flue gases on their way to chimney. Superheating provides two principal benefits.

Firstly, the overall efficiency is increased. Secondly, too much condensation in the last stages of turbine (which would cause blade corrosion) is avoided. The superheated steam from the superheater is fed to steam turbine through the main valve.

(iii) Economiser.

An economiser is essentially a feed water heater and derives heat from the

 flue gases for this purpose. The feed water is fed to the economiser before supplying to the boiler. The economiser extracts a part of heat of flue gases to increase the feed water temperature.

(iv) Air preheater. 

An air preheater increases the temperature of the air supplied for coal burning by deriving heat from flue gases. Air is drawn from the atmosphere by a forced draught fan and is passed through air preheater before supplying to the boiler furnace. The air preheater extracts heat from flue gases and increases the temperature of air used for coal combustion. The principal benefits of preheating the air are : increased thermal efficiency and increased steam capacity per square metre of boiler surface.

3.Steam turbine. 

The dry and superheated steam from the superheater is fed to the steam
turbine through main valve. The heat energy of steam when passing over the blades of turbine is converted into mechanical energy. After giving heat energy to the turbine, the steam is exhausted to the condenser which condenses the exhausted steam by means of cold water circulation.

4. Alternator(Number 5). 

The steam turbine is coupled to an alternator. The alternator converts mechanical energy of turbine into electrical energy. The electrical output from the alternator is delivered to the bus bars through transformer, circuit breakers and isolators.

5. Feed water.

The condensate from the condenser is used as feed water to the boiler. Some
water may be lost in the cycle which is suitably made up from external source.The feed water on its way to the boiler is heated by water heaters and economiser.This helps in raising the overall efficiency of the plant.

6. Cooling arrangement. 

In order to improve the efficiency of the plant, the steam exhausted from the turbine is condensed by means of a condenser. Water is drawn from a natural source of supply such as a river, canal or lake and is circulated through the condenser. The circulating water takes up the heat of the exhausted steam and itself becomes hot. This hot water coming out from the condenser is discharged at a suitable location down the river. In case the availability of water from the source of supply is not assured throughout the year, cooling towers are used. During the scarcity of water in the river, hot water from the condenser is passed on to the cooling towers where it is cooled. The cold water from the cooling tower is reused in the condenser.

Choice of Site for Steam Power Stations or Thermal Power Generation Plant :-

(i) Supply of fuel.(should be near to mines to reduce transportation cost)

(ii) Availability of water.(high availability of water is required for boiling & cooling)

(iii) Transportation facilities.

(iv) Cost and type of land.

(vi) Distance from populated area.

(v) Nearness to load centre

Thermal efficiency, 

ηthermal =Heat equivalent of mech. energy transmitted to turbine shaft/Heat of coal combustion

The thermal efficiency of a modern steam power station is about.

Advantages & Disadvantages Of Thermal Plants:-

Advantages

(i) The fuel (i.e., coal) used is quite cheap.

(ii) Less initial cost as compared to other generating stations.

(iii) It can be installed at any place irrespective of the existence of coal. The coal can be transported

to the site of the plant by rail or road.

(iv) It requires less space as compared to the hydroelectric power station.

(v) The cost of generation is lesser than that of the diesel power station.

Disadvantages

(i) It pollutes the atmosphere due to the production of large amount of smoke and fumes.

(ii) It is costlier in running cost as compared to hydroelectric plant.

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